{"id":45670,"date":"2021-11-08T08:00:56","date_gmt":"2021-11-07T23:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/norimen.net\/wordpress\/?p=45670"},"modified":"2026-06-07T23:23:21","modified_gmt":"2026-06-07T14:23:21","slug":"muc-dich-uoc-tinh-chi-phi-kamino","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/norimen.net\/vi\/cost-estimation-purpose-kamino\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0 g\u00ec? H\u00e3y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed (tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Blog Kamino)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Gi\u1edbi<\/p>\n

Xin ch\u00e0o, t\u00f4i l\u00e0 Kamino, m\u1ed9t blogger l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111ang t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng\u201cT\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed\u201d<\/strong>Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau? \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u00e0o c\u01a1 quan trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a n\u00ean t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5. Ai c\u0169ng v\u1eady c\u1ea3 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Trong blog n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cGi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng\u201d, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y,Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u201ct\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed\u201d l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc qua m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ct\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed\u201d v\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Kamino\"<\/figure>\n
Kamino<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
V\u00ec nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd kinh ph\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u201ct\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed\u201d l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

T\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u201cT\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0,T\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ee7y th\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/strong><\/span>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
<\/div>\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n
\n
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf (b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd, b\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf)<\/div>\n
T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3n v\u1ebd\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh (giao th\u1ea7u) cho nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u. Xin ch\u00e0o, t\u00f4i l\u00e0 Kamino, m\u1ed9t blogger l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng. H\u00f4m nay, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ba lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb khi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng thi c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c giao th\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean\u2026<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n
\n

\"\"

\"\"<\/div>
Blog c\u1ee7a Kamino<\/div><\/div>
\"\"<\/figure>
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf (b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd, b\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf)<\/div>
https:\/\/kamino.blog\/specification\/<\/div>
T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3n v\u1ebd\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh (giao th\u1ea7u) cho nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u. Xin ch\u00e0o, t\u00f4i l\u00e0 Kamino, m\u1ed9t blogger l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng. H\u00f4m nay, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ba lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb khi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng thi c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c giao th\u1ea7u. D\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3i chung, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ee7y th\u00e1c c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Kamino\"<\/figure>\n
Kamino<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
T\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

T\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n<\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed\u201d l\u00e0\u201cB\u00e1o gi\u00e1\u201d<\/strong>C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc k\u00e8m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cb\u00e1o gi\u00e1\u201d.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u201cb\u00e1o gi\u00e1\u201d c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i,<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed thi c\u00f4ng (gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed\u201d, c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u tr\u00ecnh cho ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m chi ph\u00ed th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 thi c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/strong><\/span>C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u00e1 nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e1o gi\u00e1\u201d.<\/p>\n

\n
<\/div>\n

Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u2192 L\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n \u2192 T\u00ednh to\u00e1n gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn (nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u \u2192 L\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n \u2192 \u0110\u01b0a ra gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eabn nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u; tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 thi c\u00f4ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ea3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd g\u1eedi \u201cb\u1ea3n b\u00e1o gi\u00e1\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 theo quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed?<\/span><\/h2>\n

Khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm r\u00f5 l\u00fd do v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o nh\u00e0 \u1edf quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd h\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o, ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n? T\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed thi c\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i,\u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed thi c\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh sao cho thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/strong><\/span>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n; n\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n sai.<\/p>\n

L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u201cv\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i\u201d l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u201cL\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p. (\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.)<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng m\u00e0 v\u1eabn thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ng\u1eadp tr\u00e0n, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f2n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u1eefa; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu chi ph\u00ed qu\u00e1 cao m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ebf. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 do nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qua t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu chi ph\u00ed thi c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, thi c\u00f4ng c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng suy tho\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed thi c\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ed1i \u0111a.<\/p>\n

\n
<\/div>\n

T\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed thi c\u00f4ng = Gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Th\u1eadt ra, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u00ed thi c\u00f4ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian thi c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed thi c\u00f4ng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u1ed7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n th\u00ec m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ra \u201cm\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd\u201d mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Kamino\"<\/figure>\n
Kamino<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec t\u1edb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2u (;\u00b4\uff65\u03c9\uff65)<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/h3>\n

Nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u hai \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ebft to\u00e1n v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

\n
<\/div>\n

Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, quy\u1ebft to\u00e1n v\u00e0 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n (th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft to\u00e1n)<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0110i\u1ec1u 80
\n2. Gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 giao d\u1ecbch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh cung c\u1ea7u, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt, th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u00e0i hay ng\u1eafn, v.v.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng)<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0110i\u1ec1u 7
\nTh\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v.v. c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ee9c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng trong trung v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, c\u1ea7n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n quy c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u00e1 giao d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v.v., ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed9p theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m Y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan, ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadt trong khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, th\u1eddi gian thi c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng trong trung v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n\u201d trong Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201cl\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i\u201d ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u,\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00ec l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt K\u1ebf to\u00e1n<\/strong>\u3001\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 Lu\u1eadt T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v.v.<\/strong>C\u00f3 ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Kamino\"<\/figure>\n
Kamino<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
H\u00e3y l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u201cTi\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u201cti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 khi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u, ta c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u201cTi\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai, C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, Giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Du l\u1ecbch\u201d \u2013 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u2013 th\u00ec v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5 l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u201cti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh do B\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u1eeam\u2026 \u201cti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec nh\u1ec9 (\u00b4\uff65\u03c9\uff65)?<\/p>\n

Theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 Tri\u1ec3n K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1, t\u1eeb \u201cti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh) v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u thi c\u00f4ng theo \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, n\u1ebfu kho\u1ea3ng 80% \u0111\u1ebfn 90% c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi c\u00f4ng theo m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. V\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 10% nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau 100%, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t 80% \u0111\u1ebfn 90% l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

\n
<\/div>\n

Bugakari<\/strong>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c.
\nB\u1ea3ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecfi 5 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3\u201d, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n; t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecfi 5 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u thi c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cM\u1ee9c chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1ed7)\u201d, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee9c chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n theo \u0111\u00fang S\u1ed5 tay ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng; do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u00ec thu th\u1eadp b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 thi c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u201cti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Kamino\"<\/figure>\n
Kamino<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng cao chi ph\u00ed thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 thu l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, v\u00ec v\u1eady b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u00ednh to\u00e1n<\/span><\/h3>\n

Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed,\u201cTi\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng\u201d<\/strong>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n