{"id":66995,"date":"2026-09-11T08:00:13","date_gmt":"2026-09-10T23:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/norimen.net\/?p=66995"},"modified":"2026-09-10T23:47:34","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T14:47:34","slug":"an-explanation-of-the-concepts-of-mandatory-and-optional-kaminoburo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/norimen.net\/en\/%e3%80%8c%e6%8c%87%e5%ae%9a%e3%80%8d%e3%81%a8%e3%80%8c%e4%bb%bb%e6%84%8f%e3%80%8d%e3%81%ae%e8%80%83%e3%81%88%e6%96%b9%e3%82%92%e8%a7%a3%e8%aa%ac%ef%bc%88%e3%82%ab%e3%83%9f%e3%83%8e%e3%83%96%e3%83%ad\/","title":{"rendered":"An Explanation of the Concepts of \u201cMandatory\u201d and \u201cOptional\u201d (From the Kamino Blog)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--\n\u3010WordPress\u8cbc\u308a\u4ed8\u3051\u7528\u3011\n\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\uff1a\u300c\u6307\u5b9a\u300d\u3068\u300c\u4efb\u610f\u300d\u306e\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u3092\u89e3\u8aac\ncanonical\uff1ahttps:\/\/kamino.blog\/optional\/\n\n\u203b canonical \u306f\u8a18\u4e8b\u672c\u6587\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001SEO\u30d7\u30e9\u30b0\u30a4\u30f3\u306eCanonical URL\u6b04\u3001\n\u307e\u305f\u306f <head> \u5185\u306b\u4e0b\u8a18\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002\n \t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kamino.blog\/optional\/\">\n--><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/kamino.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4048694_s.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>Hello, I'm Kamino, a civil engineer and government employee who writes a blog.<\/p>\n<p>One of the \"Seven Wonders\" of the construction industry: \"mandatory\" and \"voluntary.\"<\/p>\n<p>I think many people have a general understanding of the difference between these two, but when it comes to temporary structures in particular, almost no one can clearly explain the difference between designated and voluntary temporary structures. In some departments, they\u2019re often applied incorrectly. That\u2019s how vague these concepts are.<\/p>\n<p>In this section, we\u2019ll explain the official rules and why such incorrect practices have become common.<\/p>\n<nav class=\"toc\" aria-label=\"Table of Contents\"><strong>Table of Contents<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#toc1\">Definitions of \"Required\" and \"Optional\"<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc2\">What should I do if I need to change the construction method?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc3\">How to Tell the Difference Between Mandatory and Optional Fields<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc4\">What will be specified?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc5\">Examples of Inappropriate Responses<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc6\">Why Does This Lead to Incorrect Operation?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/nav>\n<h2 id=\"toc1\">Definitions of \"Required\" and \"Optional\"<\/h2>\n<p>The basic provisions are set forth in Article 1 (General Provisions), Paragraph 3 of the Construction Contract Agreement, so let\u2019s take a look at it.<\/p>\n<p>Construction Contract<\/p>\n<p>Article 1, Paragraph 3<br \/>\nWith respect to temporary structures, construction methods, and all other measures necessary to complete the project (hereinafter referred to as \u201cConstruction Methods, etc.\u201d), Party B shall determine such matters at its own responsibility, unless otherwise specifically provided in this Contract or the design documents.<\/p>\n<p>Yes. The same text should be included in the documents for both municipalities. In principle, construction is optional.<\/p>\n<p>The definitions of the terms are as follows.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u30fb\"Specified\" refers to items that must be constructed in accordance with the design documents when building the project.<\/strong>In other words, these are the \"terms of the contract.\" If the client has determined the construction methods, machinery to be used, and materials to be used in advance and has specified them in the specifications or drawings, the contractor must perform the work in accordance with those specifications.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u30fb\"Discretionary\" refers to matters regarding which the contractor may freely carry out construction work at its own discretion when constructing the project.<\/strong>To put it simply, the philosophy is that \u201cas long as safety, quality, and the final result are met, any construction method is acceptable.\u201d Construction companies can select the optimal construction method based on their own technical capabilities, available equipment, and costs.<\/p>\n<p>The key point is that, as a general rule, the construction method used to build the project\u2019s intended structure is at the contractor\u2019s discretion. Even if the design documents (cost estimate breakdown) specify backhoe specifications, detailed material specifications, or temporary work methods, those documents are treated merely as reference materials unless they are defined as \u201cdesign drawings.\u201d If something is not specified in the drawings or specifications, the contractor is not required to comply with it.<\/p>\n<p>Oh, just to clarify.<\/p>\n<p>The term \"optional\" sometimes leads people to think that they can \"do whatever they want\" during construction, but that is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p>Even if it is an optional installation,<br \/>\n\u30fbContract Documents (Contract, General Specifications, Special Specifications, Drawings, Site Instructions)<br \/>\n\u30fbVarious rules, such as relevant laws and regulations<br \/>\nmust be adhered to. Furthermore, it goes without saying that quality and workmanship standards must be met. While the choice of construction method is optional, this does not mean there is complete freedom regarding the quality of the work.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc2\">What should I do if I need to change the construction method?<\/h2>\n<p>For any type of work, the client prepares the design and cost estimate based on an assumed construction method (since they cannot otherwise determine the design cost), but since the contractor is free to choose the actual construction method, consultation is generally not required when changing the construction method. (Please be sure to submit a construction plan, though.) However, as an exception, if site conditions differ from what was explicitly stated and construction cannot be carried out using the method the client had anticipated, the original design cost will no longer be appropriate, so this will be subject to a design change.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, for designated types of work, any changes to construction methods generally require consultation and must be approved by the client.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Item<\/th>\n<th>Specify<\/th>\n<th>Optional<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Design Documents<\/td>\n<td>Specify the construction methods and other details.<\/td>\n<td>We do not specify construction methods or other details. We may include reference drawings.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Changes to Construction Methods, etc.<\/td>\n<td>Requires instructions or approval from the client.<\/td>\n<td>At the contractor\u2019s discretion. (Amendments to and submission of the construction plan, etc., are required.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Design Changes Due to Changes in Construction Methods, etc.<\/td>\n<td>We will do so.<\/td>\n<td>We will not do that.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Design changes resulting from changes to the site conditions originally specified<\/td>\n<td>We will do so.<\/td>\n<td>We will do so.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p>\"Changes to the site conditions originally specified\" refers to situations such as the following:<\/p>\n<p>\u30fbThe ground conditions were different than expected (sandy soil \u2192 gravelly soil; water, gas, and communication cables not shown on the design drawings were found underground)<br \/>\n\u30fbThe impact of the surrounding environment was identified (construction began on an adjacent private lot, and it became necessary to switch to low-noise machinery as a measure against noise and vibration)<br \/>\n\u30fbThere are safer construction methods<\/p>\n<p>To summarize, if it becomes necessary to change the construction method\u2014not due to the contractor\u2019s circumstances\u2014or if it would be better to do so, a design change may be approved, depending on the specifics. Of course, I think this also depends partly on the supervisor\u2019s discretion.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc3\">How to Tell the Difference Between Mandatory and Optional Fields<\/h2>\n<p>As for how to distinguish between required and optional fields, as explained earlier,<strong>The items shown in the design documents are \"specified.\"<\/strong>(If it says \"Reference Diagram\" or something similar, it's optional.) Everything else is optional. If you have any questions, you'll have to check directly with the client.<\/p>\n<p>The problem is that these matters aren\u2019t clearly defined in the design documents, or that operations are being conducted in violation of the rules.<br \/>\nExample 1: Although the construction method was decided during consultations with relevant agencies, it is included in the cost estimate but not specified in the design documents.<br \/>\nExample 2: There is a drawing for temporary construction work, but it is not labeled as a reference drawing.<\/p>\n<p>For example, in the case of Example 2, if the scaffolding is temporary but not labeled as such in the reference drawing, please ask the client before construction begins, \u201cIs it okay to use this scaffolding as a temporary structure?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The next article explains what design documents are.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 16px; margin: 24px 0;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kamino.blog\/specification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 160px; height: auto; float: left; margin: 0 16px 10px 0;\" src=\"https:\/\/kamino.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/353692_s-160x90.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\n<\/a><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/kamino.blog\/specification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Design documents (specifications, drawings, and design specifications) are required to place an order.<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/kamino.blog\/specification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Construction documents refer to the \u201cspecifications\u201d and \u201cdrawings\u201d prepared to outline the details of a construction project (or outsourced work) to contractors. Hello, I\u2019m Kamino, a civil engineer and government employee blogger. Today, I\u2019ll explain the three types of documents that must be prepared when awarding a construction contract or outsourcing a project. It goes without saying, but when placing an order, the government\u2026<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/kamino.blog\/specification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kamino.blog<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/kamino.blog\/specification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2026.07.18<\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"toc4\">What will be specified?<\/h2>\n<p>I explained that, in principle, this is an optional construction requirement, so it becomes important to determine what is actually specified.<\/p>\n<p>While some decisions are determined by established practices at specific government agencies, generally speaking, the construction method deemed most advantageous overall after comparing various options during the design phase is adopted, and the construction method specified is based on that premise. Let\u2019s look at some specific examples.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(1) Designation of the Temporary Shoring Method<\/strong><br \/>\nFor example, in river construction projects,<br \/>\n\u30fbTemporary cofferdam using steel sheet piles<br \/>\n\u30fbTemporary closure using large sandbags<br \/>\nEven in the case of temporary structures, the safety of river temporary closures\u2014including their design, materials, and construction methods\u2014has been discussed and agreed upon through river consultation, and an overall plan has been established; as a result, they are almost always designated as temporary structures. The contractor cannot make changes at their own discretion.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2461 Specifications for Paving Construction Methods<\/strong><br \/>\nFor example, during paving work,<br \/>\n\u30fbCutting Overlay Method<br \/>\n\u30fbComplete Replacement Method<br \/>\nThe construction method has been selected either through a comparative evaluation that took site conditions into account or because it is the standard method specified by the local government.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2462 Specification of Construction Equipment<\/strong><br \/>\nFor example,<br \/>\n\u30fbLow-noise, low-vibration, and emissions-controlled construction machinery<br \/>\nIt\u2019s not just common\u2014I think the measures listed above are always specified. There are several criteria, so be sure to study them. Unless otherwise specified in the design documents, the choice of construction equipment is up to you.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2463 Designation of Temporary Roads and Construction Yards<\/strong><br \/>\nFor example,<br \/>\n\u30fbLocation and structure of temporary roads<br \/>\n\u30fbThe construction yard must be set up on the \u25cb\u25cb side.<br \/>\nTemporary roads are the most critical element in developing the overall construction plan, and since their locations have typically already been agreed upon during various consultations, they are often designated in advance. In particular, detour routes intended for general traffic must always be designated. The location of construction yards may be designated based on constraints related to surrounding facilities and land use.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2464 Specifications for Materials to Be Used<\/strong><br \/>\nFor example,<br \/>\n\u30fbThe lower subbase consists of recycled crushed stone (RC-40)<br \/>\n\u30fbThe structure is made of 24-12-40BB concrete<br \/>\n\u30fbPipe material: GX-type ductile cast iron pipe<br \/>\nFor example, the materials used are also part of the construction project and are generally specified in the drawings.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc5\">Examples of Inappropriate Responses<\/h2>\n<p>If you aren\u2019t familiar with the mandatory and optional rules, you might end up handling things inappropriately. Here are two common examples of such situations. Please skim through them.<\/p>\n<p>(1) For the earthwork, a construction plan was submitted specifying a 0.45 m\u00b3-class backhoe, but since the cost estimate was based on a 0.28 m\u00b3-class backhoe, the client instructed that the plan be brought to the job site.<br \/>\n\u2192No, no, no!! The cost estimate is strictly a standard estimate. You are free to choose your construction equipment, and it is not subject to design changes. (Although one might question whether the original \u201cstandard estimate\u201d was correct.)<\/p>\n<p>\u2461 In an urban construction project, the contractor evaluated a soundproof enclosure (an optional temporary structure that the client had provided as a reference drawing) to house the plant. The evaluation revealed that, by streamlining the plant equipment and optimizing the construction methods, the structure could be built smaller than the one shown in the reference drawing. However, the client instructed the contractor to follow the reference drawing exactly, citing that this would be less expensive than the original design.<br \/>\n\u2192No, no, no!! The cost estimate is based solely on the reference drawings for temporary structures. There is no requirement to construct the project exactly as shown in the reference drawings, and this does not constitute grounds for a design change. (Although one might question whether the original \u201cstandard cost estimate\u201d was correct.)<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc6\">Why Does This Lead to Incorrect Operation?<\/h2>\n<p>Unfortunately, as I just explained, there are cases where the information in the design documents is incorrect, the staff member in charge has misunderstood something, or the entire department has a mistaken understanding to begin with.<\/p>\n<p>The reason this happens is that the current method for calculating design costs is so rigorous\u2014tallying everything from 1 kg of rebar to a single bolt to items costing around 100 yen\u2014that it makes you wonder, \u201cDo we really need to break it down that finely?\u201d That\u2019s likely why so many people feel uneasy when there\u2019s a discrepancy between the work methods used in the cost estimate and those actually employed on-site. Moreover, if the on-site construction method ends up being cheaper, there\u2019s a higher chance that a third party will point out that the estimate was inflated.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s why, regardless of the drawings or specifications, people end up thinking, \u201cWe\u2019re calculating the cost this way, so we can\u2019t change it,\u201d or \u201cIf you want to switch construction equipment, you\u2019ll have to make a design change.\u201d If you don\u2019t know the rules regarding what\u2019s mandatory and what\u2019s optional, it\u2019s not surprising that you\u2019d think that way based on common sense.<\/p>\n<p>People who are unfamiliar with the rules sometimes raise concerns during audits or accounting inspections, suggesting that \u201cthe details of the cost estimates may not match the actual situation,\u201d but,<strong>As long as the scope of application of the cost estimation standards is appropriate for each individual project site, differences between the cost estimation standards and actual conditions generally do not pose a problem.<\/strong>...is the conclusion reached. (That is precisely why establishing a sound basis for the initial cost estimation standards is so important\u2014and why it\u2019s a difficult situation for the staff members who must take responsibility for them.)<\/p>\n<p>Everyone involved in civil engineering projects should make sure they fully understand this. Don\u2019t let audits intimidate you\u2014make sure to follow the rules correctly.<\/p>\n<p>And,<strong>When creating design documents, make a clear distinction in your own mind between what is required and what is optional, and when including optional items in drawings or specifications, be sure to label them as \u201creference drawings\u201d or \u201creference documents.\u201d<\/strong>Let's do that. Even if it's optional, it's best to include reference diagrams and materials that reflect the client's perspective as much as possible. (Well, just follow the government agency's rules.)<\/p>\n<p>That concludes this explanation. I hope it proves useful in your careers in civil engineering.<\/p>\n<p>See you later.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/kamino.blog\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kamino's Blog<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hello, I\u2019m Kamino, a civil engineer and government employee who blogs. One of the \u201cSeven Wonders\u201d of the construction industry is the distinction between \u201cmandatory\u201d and \u201cvoluntary.\u201d While many people have a general understanding of the difference between these two terms, almost no one can clearly explain the difference between mandatory temporary works and voluntary temporary works\u2014especially when it comes to temporary works\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":45680,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[14271,1],"tags":[4892,14519,14520],"class_list":["post-66995","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-construction-industry-3","category-others","tag-4892","tag-14519","tag-14520"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ 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