{"id":66952,"date":"2026-09-07T08:00:41","date_gmt":"2026-09-06T23:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/norimen.net\/?p=66952"},"modified":"2026-09-06T01:08:42","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:08:42","slug":"%e3%83%9e%e3%83%8b%e3%83%a5%e3%82%a2%e3%83%ab%e9%80%9a%e3%82%8a%e3%81%ab%e8%a1%8c%e3%81%a3%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%81%aa%e3%81%84%e3%81%ae%e3%81%af%e3%81%82%e3%82%8b%e6%84%8f%e5%91%b3%e3%81%a7%e5%bd%93-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/norimen.net\/en\/%e3%83%9e%e3%83%8b%e3%83%a5%e3%82%a2%e3%83%ab%e9%80%9a%e3%82%8a%e3%81%ab%e8%a1%8c%e3%81%a3%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%81%aa%e3%81%84%e3%81%ae%e3%81%af%e3%81%82%e3%82%8b%e6%84%8f%e5%91%b3%e3%81%a7%e5%bd%93-2\/","title":{"rendered":"In a sense, it\u2019s only natural that things aren\u2019t going according to the manual (from a labor safety consultant at Dojima River)"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"o-noteEyecatch\" data-v-c8e27b30=\"\" data-v-62deca21=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.st-note.com\/production\/uploads\/images\/275607908\/rectangle_large_type_2_2f58a01c1cb79d9a7444bb66789ac5c4.jpeg?width=1280\" alt=\"Featured Image\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1005\" data-v-50e2377b=\"\" data-v-c8e27b30=\"\" data-modal=\"true\" \/><\/figure>\n<div class=\"o-noteContentHeader o-noteContentText__header\" data-v-8ab879cc=\"\" data-v-62deca21=\"\">\n<div class=\"o-noteContentHeader__titleContainer o-noteContentHeader__titleContainer--font_sansserif o-noteContentHeader__titleContainer--device_windows\" data-v-8ab879cc=\"\">\n<h1 class=\"o-noteContentHeader__title\" data-v-8ab879cc=\"\">In a sense, it\u2019s only natural that things aren\u2019t going according to the manual.<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"note-common-styles__textnote-body\" data-name=\"body\" data-v-62deca21=\"\">\n<p id=\"22ec5ee9-7940-4db3-ad3d-5971109182dd\">When it comes to on-site safety management, have you ever seen someone struggling with the fact that \u201cworkers don\u2019t follow the manuals or procedures as instructed\u201d?<br \/>\nThere\u2019s no doubt that when problems or accidents occur, managers tend to think, \u201cThat\u2019s a violation of the rules\u201d or \u201cWe need to enforce the procedures more strictly.\u201d<br \/>\nHowever, in the field of resilience engineering, we take a different perspective from the approach that focuses solely on such \u201cfailures.\u201d<\/p>\n<p id=\"c8b5eefc-fd50-4e54-97c9-cab79bd52c32\">So, the key term that\u2019s essential for understanding the realities on the ground is \u201cWAI.\u201d<strong>\u3068<\/strong>It's \"WAD.\"<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"5ad05e95-e8c5-4ccb-b8dd-290738d22d89\" tabindex=\"-1\">What Are WAI and WAD?<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"91eea4c4-90de-4bb0-ab73-ce89ac0e382d\">\n<li>\n<p id=\"00b9b35e-5049-4c1f-b975-9f9e86be962e\"><strong>WAI (Work-As-Imagined)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul id=\"1de88862-048f-4c11-becb-eb3bef4377a0\">\n<li>\n<p id=\"92486313-e631-4b00-80da-c118c6862be9\">This is the way managers and designers envision work should be done or how it should proceed.<br \/>\nThis refers to the ideal state as specified in procedure manuals, manuals, guidelines, plans, and similar documents.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p id=\"b146125f-ae51-48df-bb96-fb0fcc77efc7\"><strong>WAD (Work-As-Done: Actual Work)<\/strong><br \/>\nThese are the actual work methods that on-site workers use, tailored to the specific circumstances and constraints at the time.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"0ce85e89-4572-48e9-a49d-2c53a11591d1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"is-slide alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.st-note.com\/img\/1778642623-fnFw5XGzC1r7QpyLhZ9PDUm3.png?width=1200\" alt=\"Image\" width=\"620\" height=\"297\" data-modal=\"true\" \/><figcaption>The Gap Between WAI and WAD<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"57466d1c-2554-4419-854c-385c24eb9e7e\">On site,<strong>There is almost always a \"gap\" between WAI (the ideal) and WAD (reality).<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"26873ebc-55ea-4af1-946e-3f5f84dd415f\" tabindex=\"-1\">Why Do Gaps Arise? \u201cPerformance Adjustments\u201d on the Front Lines<\/h3>\n<p id=\"cc6c85de-b556-45cd-9c66-b409697e6304\">Manuals (WAI) are always written based on assumed standard scenarios.<br \/>\nHowever, in actual field operations, there are various challenges such as \u201cnot enough time,\u201d \u201ca shortage of personnel (manpower),\u201d \u201ca lack of necessary equipment,\u201d and \u201cunexpected deterioration in weather conditions,\u201d among others.<strong>Constraints and Changes<\/strong>It's just part of the deal.<\/p>\n<p id=\"c1cf3728-aba8-479e-af3a-c53b8672d0cf\">Workers on the job site aren\u2019t trying to cut corners by ignoring the rules; rather, faced with these constraints and changes, they\u2019re drawing on their own experience and knowledge to adapt their methods on the fly in order to somehow meet their goals and complete the work.<br \/>\nThis is called \u201cperformance tuning.\u201d<br \/>\nIn other words, a WAD is the result of the field staff working hard to fine-tune the system so that it functions properly, and<strong>It\u2019s thanks to this \u201cability to coordinate\u201d on the front lines that our day-to-day operations run smoothly.<\/strong>That's right.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"85cb4771-57de-438d-ab9c-f7736a1c4380\" tabindex=\"-1\">How Can We Use These Gaps to Improve Safety Management?<\/h3>\n<p id=\"ef47c195-cbcc-4da6-9c08-40bab61664b5\">Under the traditional approach to safety management, whenever a discrepancy between WAI and WAD was identified, it was treated as a \u201crule violation\u201d and eliminated, leading to even stricter rules.<br \/>\nHowever, that would only increase the burden on frontline staff and would not provide a fundamental solution. The approach required for safety management going forward is as follows:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"e774dfda-a7c3-43b9-9b8c-113a8298919c\">\n<li>\n<p id=\"b0206bf6-7168-41b0-abe4-8ace53a5f06d\"><strong>Don't blame the gap; understand the context:<\/strong>\u00a0Instead of criticizing someone by asking, \u201cWhy didn\u2019t you follow the manual?\u201d we seek to understand \u201cwhy that adjustment was necessary (what difficulties or constraints existed on the ground).\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p id=\"e66fa0d5-9665-42e0-a6fe-411ba5ae3aea\"><strong>Eliminate dangerous adjustments and adopt good ones:<\/strong>\u00a0If we identify \u201cdangerous workarounds\u201d that frontline staff are forced to resort to, we will address the underlying conditions\u2014such as staff shortages or time pressures\u2014that compel them to do so.<br \/>\nOn the other hand,<strong>\"Good adjustments\" (innovative ideas) developed on-site are, in turn, incorporated into the manual (WAI) to update it into a set of procedures that better reflect reality.<\/strong>I'll keep doing that.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"8dbe22fe-1343-4680-af8a-59b60fd84d0b\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"is-slide alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.st-note.com\/img\/1778642784-6LIzafiT0yMX3EeBOr7wd1Sh.png?width=1200\" alt=\"Image\" width=\"620\" height=\"275\" data-modal=\"true\" \/><figcaption>Comparison of WAI and WAD<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"6623a2d4-0e29-4921-8ecf-cc26f0314a57\" tabindex=\"-1\">In Closing<\/h3>\n<p id=\"72117f93-d12c-4ae0-bab9-369948c86a4a\">By stepping back from the mindset that \u201cfollowing the manual equals safety\u201d and focusing on the gap between WAI and WAD, we can identify the true risks lurking on the front lines as well as the exceptional flexibility and resilience that front-line teams possess.<br \/>\nInstead of just \u201cenforcing the rules,\u201d why not take the first step in our new safety initiative by \u201cunderstanding the realities on the ground (WAD) and aligning them with the manual (WAI)\u201d?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"break-all font-bold text-text-primary md:text-lg\"><a href=\"https:\/\/note.com\/dojimagawaohs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dojima River Occupational Safety Consulting Office<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a sense, it\u2019s only natural that things don\u2019t always go according to the manual. When it comes to safety management on-site, haven\u2019t you ever seen people agonizing over the fact that \u201cworkers don\u2019t follow the manual or operating procedures\u201d? When problems or accidents occur, managers tend to say, \u201cThat\u2019s a violation of the rules,\u201d or \u201cThey need to follow the procedures more strictly\u2026\u201d<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":58926,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[111],"tags":[14252,14517],"class_list":["post-66952","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-safety","tag-14252","tag-14517"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - 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